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The autoimmune disease process leading to childhood-onset type 1 diabetes appears to start in infancy, and decisions on treatment to prevent initiation of autoimmunity will need to be based on genetic susceptibility alone. We set out to quantify the absolute risk associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DRB1-DQA1-DQB1 class II genotypes and to develop strategies for recruitment into primary prevention trials. HLA class II haplotype- and genotype-specific risks were derived from 753 United Kingdom families from the Bart's-Oxford population-based study of type 1 diabetes and combined with incidence data from the region to calculate the absolute risk of development of diabetes. A hierarchy of susceptibility was established for both HLA class II haplotypes and genotypes, and the sensitivity and specificity of each genotype was established relative to age at disease onset. Highest risk was conferred by the genotype DRB1*03-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201/DRB1*0401-DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302 (5% absolute risk of diabetes by age 15 yr), although sensitivity was only 22.6%. Combining the six highest risk genotypes conferred similar risk but increased sensitivity to 36.6% and was most sensitive for diagnosis of diabetes before age 5 yr (48.4%), whereas inclusion of 11 genotypes achieved the same sensitivity for diagnosis for ages 10-14 yr. Analysis of genotype-specific risk should form the basis for design of future primary prevention trials in the general population.

Original publication

DOI

10.1210/jc.2003-032084

Type

Journal article

Journal

J Clin Endocrinol Metab

Publication Date

08/2004

Volume

89

Pages

4037 - 4043

Keywords

Age of Onset, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genotype, HLA-DQ Antigens, HLA-DQ alpha-Chains, HLA-DQ beta-Chains, HLA-DR Antigens, HLA-DRB1 Chains, Histocompatibility Antigens Class II, Humans, Prospective Studies, ROC Curve, Risk Assessment