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AIMS: Impaired energy metabolism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of heart failure. Hyperpolarized (13)C magnetic resonance (MR), in which (13)C-labelled metabolites are followed using MR imaging (MRI) or spectroscopy (MRS), has enabled non-invasive assessment of pyruvate metabolism. We investigated the hypothesis that if we serially examined a model of heart failure using non-invasive hyperpolarized [(13)C]pyruvate with MR, the profile of in vivo pyruvate oxidation would change throughout the course of the disease. METHODS AND RESULTS: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) was induced in pigs (n = 5) by rapid pacing. Pigs were examined using MR at weekly time points: cine-MRI assessed cardiac structure and function; hyperpolarized [2-(13)C]pyruvate was administered intravenously, and (13)C MRS monitored [(13)C]glutamate production; (31)P MRS assessed cardiac energetics [phosphocreatine (PCr)/ATP]; and hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate was administered for MRI of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)-mediated pyruvate oxidation via [(13)C]bicarbonate production. Early in pacing, the cardiac index decreased by 25%, PCr/ATP decreased by 26%, and [(13)C]glutamate production decreased by 51%. After clinical features of DCM appeared, end-diastolic volume increased by 40% and [(13)C]bicarbonate production decreased by 67%. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 protein increased by two-fold, and phosphorylated Akt decreased by half. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 gene expression decreased by a half and a third, respectively. CONCLUSION: Despite early changes associated with cardiac energetics and (13)C incorporation into the Krebs cycle, pyruvate oxidation was maintained until DCM developed, when the heart's capacity to oxidize both pyruvate and fats was reduced. Hyperpolarized (13)C MR may be important to characterize metabolic changes that occur during heart failure progression.

Original publication

DOI

10.1093/eurjhf/hfs192

Type

Journal article

Journal

Eur J Heart Fail

Publication Date

02/2013

Volume

15

Pages

130 - 140

Keywords

Adenosine Triphosphate, Animals, Bicarbonates, Carbon Isotopes, Cardiac Pacing, Artificial, Cardiac Volume, Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase, Citric Acid Cycle, Disease Models, Animal, Energy Metabolism, Gene Expression, Glutamic Acid, Glycolysis, Heart Failure, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Membrane Transport Proteins, PPAR alpha, Phosphocreatine, Protein Kinases, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex, Pyruvic Acid, Swine, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left