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The dynamics of the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response are dependent on changes in cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume and the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption. Furthermore, the amplitude of the response is dependent on the baseline physiological state, defined by the haematocrit, oxygen extraction fraction and cerebral blood volume. As a result of this complex dependence, the accurate interpretation of BOLD data and robust intersubject comparisons when the baseline physiology is varied are difficult. The calibrated BOLD technique was developed to address these issues. However, the methodology is complex and its full promise has not yet been realised. In this review, the theoretical underpinnings of calibrated BOLD, and issues regarding this theory that are still to be resolved, are discussed. Important aspects of practical implementation are reviewed and reported applications of this methodology are presented.

Original publication

DOI

10.1002/nbm.2847

Type

Journal article

Journal

NMR Biomed

Publication Date

08/2013

Volume

26

Pages

987 - 1003

Keywords

calibrated BOLD, oxygen metabolism, respiratory challenge, review, Aging, Blood Volume, Brain, Brain Mapping, Calibration, Forecasting, Hematocrit, Hemoglobins, Humans, Hypercapnia, Hyperoxia, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Biological, Motor Activity, Multimodal Imaging, Neuroimaging, Oxygen, Oxygen Consumption, Oxyhemoglobins, Reproducibility of Results, Research Design