Expectancy effects and hyperventilation as laboratory stressors
EHLERS A., Margraf J., Roth WT.
since baseline levels of anxiety and arousal strongly predict the levels reached during panic challenges, expectancy effects could play a very significant role in the outcome of panic induction studies reports preliminary findings of two experiments [with panic disorder patients] investigating this hypothesis by manipulating expectancy effects directly via instructions our results show strong and consistent effects of a simple expectancy manipulation on subsequent responses to HV [hyperventilation] stress in panic patients and normal controls