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Visual cortical responses are usually attenuated by repetition, a phenomenon known as repetition suppression (RS). Here, we use multivoxel pattern analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to show that RS co-occurs with the converse phenomenon (repetition enhancement, RE) in a single cortical region. We presented human volunteers with short sequences of repeated faces and measured brain activity using fMRI. In an independently defined face-responsive extrastriate region, the response of each voxel to repetition (RS vs. RE) was consistent across scanner runs, and multivoxel patterns for both RS and RE voxels were stable. Moreover, RS and RE voxels responded to repetition with dissociable latencies and exhibited different patterns of connectivity with lower and higher visual regions. Computational simulations demonstrated that these effects must be due to differences in repetition sensitivity, and not feature selectivity. These findings establish that 2 classes of repetition responses coexist within 1 visual region and support models acknowledging this distinction, such as predictive coding models where perception requires the computation of both predictions (which are enhanced by repetition) and prediction errors (which are suppressed by repetition).

Original publication

DOI

10.1093/cercor/bhs211

Type

Journal article

Journal

Cereb Cortex

Publication Date

09/2013

Volume

23

Pages

2235 - 2244

Keywords

fMRI, face perception, predictive coding, repetition enhancement, repetition suppression, Adaptation, Physiological, Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Face, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Photic Stimulation, Visual Cortex, Young Adult