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African trypanosomes cause human sleeping sickness and livestock trypanosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. We present the sequence and analysis of the 11 megabase-sized chromosomes of Trypanosoma brucei. The 26-megabase genome contains 9068 predicted genes, including approximately 900 pseudogenes and approximately 1700 T. brucei-specific genes. Large subtelomeric arrays contain an archive of 806 variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes used by the parasite to evade the mammalian immune system. Most VSG genes are pseudogenes, which may be used to generate expressed mosaic genes by ectopic recombination. Comparisons of the cytoskeleton and endocytic trafficking systems with those of humans and other eukaryotic organisms reveal major differences. A comparison of metabolic pathways encoded by the genomes of T. brucei, T. cruzi, and Leishmania major reveals the least overall metabolic capability in T. brucei and the greatest in L. major. Horizontal transfer of genes of bacterial origin has contributed to some of the metabolic differences in these parasites, and a number of novel potential drug targets have been identified.

Original publication

DOI

10.1126/science.1112642

Type

Journal article

Journal

Science

Publication Date

15/07/2005

Volume

309

Pages

416 - 422

Keywords

Amino Acids, Animals, Antigenic Variation, Antigens, Protozoan, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Chromosomes, Cytoskeleton, Ergosterol, Genes, Protozoan, Genome, Protozoan, Glutathione, Glycosylphosphatidylinositols, Humans, Lipid Metabolism, Molecular Sequence Data, Protein Transport, Protozoan Proteins, Pseudogenes, Purines, Pyrimidines, Recombination, Genetic, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Spermidine, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosomiasis, African