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The mesostriatal dopamine system is prominently implicated in model-free reinforcement learning, with fMRI BOLD signals in ventral striatum notably covarying with model-free prediction errors. However, latent learning and devaluation studies show that behavior also shows hallmarks of model-based planning, and the interaction between model-based and model-free values, prediction errors, and preferences is underexplored. We designed a multistep decision task in which model-based and model-free influences on human choice behavior could be distinguished. By showing that choices reflected both influences we could then test the purity of the ventral striatal BOLD signal as a model-free report. Contrary to expectations, the signal reflected both model-free and model-based predictions in proportions matching those that best explained choice behavior. These results challenge the notion of a separate model-free learner and suggest a more integrated computational architecture for high-level human decision-making.

Original publication

DOI

10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.027

Type

Journal article

Journal

Neuron

Publication Date

24/03/2011

Volume

69

Pages

1204 - 1215

Keywords

Adult, Basal Ganglia, Brain Mapping, Choice Behavior, Dopamine, Female, Humans, Logistic Models, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Neurons, Neuropsychological Tests, Reinforcement, Psychology