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The cell cycle checkpoint kinase Chk1 is phosphorylated and activated by ATR in response to DNA damage and is crucial for initiating the DNA damage response. A number of factors act in concert with ATR to facilitate Chk1 phosphorylation, including Rad17-RFC, the Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 complex, TopBP1 and Claspin. Rad17 is required for loading of Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 (9-1-1) onto sites of DNA damage. Although phosphorylation of Rad17 by ATR is required for checkpoint function, how this affects 9-1-1 regulation remains unclear. We report that exposure of cells to DNA damage or replication stress results in Rad17-dependent immobilisation of Rad9 into nuclear foci. Furthermore, expression of mutant Rad17 that cannot be phosphorylated by ATR (Rad17(AA)), or downregulation of ATR, results in a decreased number of cells that display Rad9 foci. Photobleaching experiments reveal an increase in the dynamic behaviour of Rad9 within remaining foci in the absence of ATR or following expression of Rad17(AA). Together, these data suggest a model in which Rad17 and ATR collaborate in regulating Rad9 localisation and association at sites of DNA damage.

Original publication

DOI

10.1242/jcs.033688

Type

Journal article

Journal

J Cell Sci

Publication Date

01/12/2008

Volume

121

Pages

3933 - 3940

Keywords

3T3 Cells, Animals, Cell Cycle Proteins, Cells, Cultured, Checkpoint Kinase 1, DNA Damage, DNA Replication, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, HeLa Cells, Humans, Mice, Phosphorylation, Protein Kinases, Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases, Transfection